In an April 9, 2012 article entitled "Stress Test Proves Strength of PH Banks",
"Philippine banks are seen to survive a disaster in which the various
lenders are forced to write off loans as large as PhP 36 billion without
asking shareholders, the central bank, or the national government for
bailout money." This assertion stems from a recent stress test
conducted by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) on all 55 regular and commercial and expanded license banks.
For
Philippine Banks, these NPLs currently comprise PhP 156.90 billion or
8.20% of the PhP 1,912.78 billion in Stockholders Equity (SE) as of June
30, 2018. So, writing off 50% of the Philippine Banks NPLs
would
reduce their aggregate stockholder's equity by a little less than 5%.
Naturally, some banks would be more affected than others.
The stockholder's equity of seven banks would be severely affected. These banks are:
- Overseas Filipino Bank (129.25% decline in SE)
- Enterprise Bank (67.90% decline in SE)
- Equicom Savings Bank (47.20% decline in SE)
- UCPB Savings Bank (36.17% decline in SE)
- Legazpi Savings Bank (30.21% decline in SE)
- Sterling Bank of Asia (28.89% decline in SE)
- Philippine Resources Savings Banking (25.57% decline in SE)
Some of these banks are distressed. For more information regarding this, please read The Top Distressed Philippine Banks as of September 30, 2018).
- Overseas Filipino Bank (Distressed Ratio of 292.01%)
- Enterprise Bank Inc (Distressed Ratio of 155.18%)
- Equicom Savings Bank (Distressed Ratio of 122.89%)
- Philippine Resources Savings Banking (Distressed Ratio of 103.36%)
Are NPLs the Right Numbers to Look At?
In
a financial crisis, a loan that is current can very well become past
due, and a past due loan can become a non-performing loan, and a
non-performing loan can become a loan write-off. The real number to
look at are the loans that the banks and BSP already consider doubtful:
Classified Loans.
Investopedia.com defines "Classified Loans" as:
"Any
bank loan that is in danger of default. Classified loans have unpaid
interest and principal outstanding, and it is unclear whether the bank
will be able to recoup the loan proceeds from the borrower. Banks
usually categorize such loans as adversely classified assets on their
books."
The US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), similar to our very own Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation (PDIC), defines Classified Loans as:
"Loans
classified Loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value
that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This
classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or
salvage value but rather it is not practical or desirable to defer
writing off this basically worthless asset even though partial recovery
may be effected in the future."
In Circular #0247 dated May 19, 2000, BSP defines Classified Loans as loans which possess the following characteristics:
- Loans especially mentioned because they have potential weaknesses that deserve Management's close attention;
- Substandard
Loans are loans which appear to involve a substantial and unreasonable
degree of risk to the institution because of unfavorable record or
unsatisfactory characteristics;
- Doubtful
Loans are Substandard Loans with the added characteristics that
existing facts, conditions, and values make collection or liquidation in
full highly improbable and in which substantial loss is probable;
- Loss loans
are loans that are considered uncollectible or worthless and are of
such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not
warranted although the loans may have some recovery or salvage value.
The circular mandates that an allowance for probable losses should be set up in accordance with the following schedule:
- Loans Especially Mentioned: 5%
- Substandard - Secured: 6% - 25%
- Substandard - Unsecured: 25%
- Doubtful: 50%
- Loss: 100%
As of September 30,
2018, "Classified Loans and Other Risky Assets" of the Philippine Banks
amounted to PhP 383.42 billion or more than two times the size of the
Philippine Banking System's NPLs of PhP 1456.90 billion for the same
period. Consequently, any write-offs of Classified Loans will have more than twice the impact of an NPL write-off.
This level of
classified loans should be measured against the bank's "capital cushion"
or its ability to absorb losses. Capital Cushion is normally defined
as a bank's "Tangible Common Equity" plus its Loan Loss Reserves.
Tangible Common Equity (TCE) refers to the subset of shareholders'
equity that is not preferred equity and not intangible assets. So it
excludes such items as Hybrid equity (like preferred shares) and
goodwill.
By this
measure, the level of "Classified Loans and other Risky Assets" amounts
to Php 383.42 billion or 19.36% of the Php 1.98 trillion in Total
Capital Cushion of Philippine Banks as of September 30, 2018.
Stress Test Scenarios
Aggregate
So
how will a 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and even 50% write-off of Classified
Loans affect the Total Capital Cushion of the Philippine Banking System?
In
the aggregate, if Classified Loans amount to 19.48% of the banking
system's Total Capital Cushion, then it follows that a 10% write-off of
Classified Loans will reduce the total capital by 1.95% and a 50%
write-off of classified loans will reduce the banking system's Total
Capital Cushion by 9.74%.
Individual Banks
A 10%
write-off of Classified Loans would severely impact (by 25% or more) the
Total Capital Cushion of two banks (severely affected banks highlighted
in yellow).
- Inter-Asia Development Bank (35.77% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Overseas Filipino Bank (27.23% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
A 20% write-off
of Classified Loans will severely impact the Total Capital Cushion of six banks:
- Inter-Asia Development Bank (71.53% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Overseas Filipino Bank (54.46% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- United Coconut Planters Bank (46.54% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bangko Kabayan Inc (45.34% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Yuanta Savings Bank Philippines (32.81% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Malayan Bank Savings and Mortgage Bank Inc (25.04% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
A 30% write-off
of Classified Loans will totally wipe out the Total Capital Cushion of one bank (highlighted in red) and severely affect (reduce by 25% or more) the Total Capital
Cushion of ten other banks:
- Inter-Asia Development Bank (107.30% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Overseas Filipino Bank (81.69% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- United Coconut Planters Bank (69.81% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bangko Kabayan Inc (68.01% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Yuanta Savings Bank Philippines (49.22% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Malayan Bank Savings and Mortgage Bank Inc (37.56% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- RCBC Savings Bank Inc (34.93% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bank of China Limited - Manila Branch (34.12% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bataan Development Bank (29.26% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Equicom Savings Bank (26.48% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Legazpi Savings Bank Inc (26.14% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
A
40% write-off of Classified Loans will totally wipe out the
Total Capital Cushion of two banks and severely affect (reduce by 25% or
more) the Total Capital Cushion of thirteen more banks:
- Inter-Asia Development Bank (143.06% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Overseas Filipino Bank (108.92% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- United Coconut Planters Bank (93.08% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bangko Kabayan Inc (90.69% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Yuanta Savings Bank Philippines (65.63% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Malayan Bank Savings and Mortgage Bank Inc (50.08% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- RCBC Savings Bank Inc (46.58% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bank of China Limited - Manila Branch (45.49% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bataan Development Bank (39.01% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Equicom Savings Bank (35.31% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Legazpi Savings Bank Inc (34.85% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Philippine Resources Savings Banking (30.52% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Robinsons Bank Corporation (28.76% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- China Bank Savings Inc (27.59% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Dumaguete City Development Bank (25.86% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
A
50% write-off
of Classified Loans will totally wipe out the Total Capital Cushion of four banks and severely affect (reduce by 30% or more) the Total
Capital
Cushion of sixteen more banks:
- Inter-Asia Development Bank (178.83% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Overseas Filipino Bank (136.15% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- United Coconut Planters Bank (116.35% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bangko Kabayan Inc (113.36% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Yuanta Savings Bank Philippines (82.03% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Malayan Bank Savings and Mortgage Bank Inc (62.60% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- RCBC Savings Bank Inc (58.22% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bank of China Limited - Manila Branch (56.86% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Bataan Development Bank (48.76% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Equicom Savings Bank (44.13% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Legazpi Savings Bank Inc (43.57% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Philippine Resources Savings Banking (38.15% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Robinsons Bank Corporation (35.95% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- China Bank Savings Inc (34.49% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Dumaguete City Development Bank (32.33% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- MUFG Bank (30.94% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- UCPB Savings Bank (30.61% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Philippine Savings Bank (30.61% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Maritime Savings Bank Corporation (28.27% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
- Penbank (27.36% reduction in Total Capital Cushion)
Source: www.bsp.gov.ph
